Named after the village of Kaulsdorf, recorded as Caulestorp in 1285.
Kaulsdorf grew out of a Slavic settlement before 1200. The name first appears in 1285 with a resident, Nicolao de Caulestorp, and in 1347 as Caulstorp. The station opened on 25 August 1869 as Caulsdorf; it has been spelled Kaulsdorf since 1881.