Named after the rue Lamarck and the rue Caulaincourt.
Planned as Pecqueur, after the place Constantin-Pecqueur above it, the station opened in 1912 as Lamarck, after the naturalist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829), one of the first to argue that living things evolve. Caulaincourt was added later, for General Armand de Caulaincourt (1773–1827), Napoleon's ambassador to Russia and foreign minister.