Named after the boulevards Barbès and Rochechouart, which meet here.
The station opened in 1903 as Boulevard Barbès, after the republican activist Armand Barbès (1809–1870), whose death sentence after the rising of 12 May 1839 was commuted to life. Rochechouart was added in 1907, after Marguerite de Rochechouart de Montpipeau (1665–1727), abbess of Montmartre: the first of eight stations named after a woman. Her boulevard has borne her full name since 2019.